An Institutional Curriculum for Opioid Prescribing Education: Outcomes From 2017 to 2022.

INTRODUCTION: Prescription opioids, including those prescribed after surgery, have greatly contributed to the US opioid epidemic. Educating opioid prescribers is a crucial component of ensuring the safe use of opioids among surgical patients. METHODS: An annual opioid prescribing education curriculum was implemented among new surgical prescribers at our institution between 2017 and 2022. The curriculum includes a single 75-min session which is comprised of several components: pain medications (dosing, indications, and contraindications); patients at high risk for uncontrolled pain and/or opioid misuse or abuse; patient monitoring and care plans; and state and federal regulations. Participants were asked to complete an opioid knowledge assessment before and after the didactic session. RESULTS: Presession and postsession assessments were completed by 197 (89.6%) prescribers. Across the five studied years, the median presession score was 54.5%. This increased to 63.6% after completion of the curriculum, representing a median relative knowledge increase of 18.2%. The median relative improvement was greatest for preinterns and interns (18.2% for both groups); smaller improvements were observed for postgraduate year 2-5 residents (9.1%) and advanced practice providers (9.1%). On a scale of 1 to 10 (with 5 being comfortable), median (interquartile range) self-reported comfort in prescribing opioids increased from 3 (2-5) before education to 5 (4-6) after education (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Each year, the curriculum substantially improved provider knowledge of and comfort in opioid prescribing. Despite increased national awareness of the opioid epidemic and increasing institutional initiatives to improve opioid prescribing practices, there was a sustained knowledge and comfort gap among new surgical prescribers. The observed effects of our opioid education curriculum highlight the value of a simple and efficient educational initiative.

Predictors of non-home discharge after pancreatoduodenectomy in patients aged 80 years and above.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer has the highest growth in incidence among patients aged ≥80 years. Discharge destination after hospitalization is increasingly recognized as a marker of return to baseline functional status. Our aim was to identify the preoperative and intraoperative predictors of non-home discharge in those aged 80 or older. METHODS: The ACS-NSQIP pancreas-targeted database was queried to identify patients aged ≥80 years who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) from 2014 to 2020. Home discharge (HD) versus non-HD cohorts were compared using univariate logistic regression. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of non-HD. RESULTS: Non-HD was over twice as likely to occur in patients aged ≥80 years than in those aged 65-79 years (p < 0.01). Comorbidity factors significantly associated with non-HD in patients aged ≥80 years included COPD, hypertension, HF, lower preoperative albumin, but not obesity. Non-comorbidity factors included older age, female gender, ASA III-IV, preoperative dependent functional status, and transfer origin before PD. CONCLUSION: Individuals ≥80 years have possibly delayed or lower rate of return to baseline functional status following PD compared to those aged 65-79 years. Predictors of non-HD can be identified to facilitate preoperative counseling and discharge planning, thus enhancing care workflow efficiency.

Changing Surgical Culture Through Surgical Education: Introduction to the PACTS Trial.

The Provider Awareness and Cultural dexterity Toolkit for Surgeons (PACTS) curriculum was developed to improve surgical resident cultural dexterity, with the goal of promoting health equity by developing cognitive skills to adapt to individual patients' needs to ensure personal, patient-centered surgical care through structured educational interventions for surgical residents. Funded by the National Institute of Health (NIH)'s National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, PACTS addresses surgical disparities in patient care by incorporating varied educational interventions, with investigation of both traditional and nontraditional educational outcomes such as patient-reported and clinical outcomes, across multiple hospitals and regions. The unique attributes of this multicenter, multiphased research trial will not only impact future surgical education research, but hopefully improve how surgeons learn nontechnical skills that modernize surgical culture and surgical care. The present perspective piece serves as an introduction to this multifaceted surgical education trial, highlighting the rationale for the study and critical curricular components such as key stakeholders from multiple institutions, multimodal learning and feedback, and diverse educational outcomes.

Geographic Reach of Surgery Residency Applicants During In-Person and Virtual Interviews.

Background Virtual interviews for surgery residency may improve interview opportunities for applicants from underrepresented in medicine (UIM) and lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Objective To compare the geographic reach of surgical residency applicants during in-person versus virtual interviews. Methods This study compared applicants for the 2019 (in-person) and 2020 (virtual interviews) application cycle for surgery residency. Geographic reach (GR) was defined as the distance between applicants' current location and the program. Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council's website supplied socioeconomic data using applicants' geographic locations. Applicant demographics, United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) scores, and geographic distance to program were collected. Multivariable analyses examined GR with interaction terms between interview type, UIM status, and socioeconomic status, while controlling for USMLE scores. Results A total of 667 (2019) and 698 (2020) National Resident Matching Program applications were reviewed. Overall, there was no difference in GR for applicants during in-person and virtual interviews in multivariable testing. UIM status had no association with GR for in-person interviews, but virtual interviews were associated with an increased GR for UIM applicants compared to non-UIM applicants (235.17; 95% CI 28.87-441.47; P=.02). For in-person interviews, applicants living in communities with poverty levels ≥7% had less GR vs those in communities with levels <7% (-332.45; 95% CI -492.10, -172.79; P<.001), an effect not observed during virtual interviews. Conclusions There was no difference in overall GR, or the proportion of UIM applicants or those from higher poverty level communities, but virtual survey interviews during the COVID-19 pandemic were associated with increased GR for UIM and from lower socioeconomic backgrounds applicants.

A Conduit for a Culturally Competent Consent: Medical Interpreters' Perspectives on Surgical Informed Consent Discussions.

OBJECTIVE: To understand medical interpreter's perspectives on surgical informed consent discussions and provide feedback for surgeons on improving these conversations. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Informed consent is a critical component of patient-centered surgical decision-making. For patients with limited English proficiency (LEP), this conversation may be less thorough, even with a medical interpreter, leaving patients with an inadequate understanding of their diagnosis or treatment options. METHODS: A semi-structured interview guide was developed with input from interpreters and a qualitative research expert. We purposively sampled medical interpreters representing multiple languages until thematic saturation was achieved. Participants discussed their experience with the surgical consent discussion and process. Interview transcripts were analyzed using emergent thematic analysis. RESULTS: Among 22 interpreters, there were ten languages represented and an average experience of 15 years (range 4-40 y). Four major themes were identified. First, interpreters consistently described their roles as patient advocates and cultural brokers. Second, interpreters reported unique patient attributes that influence the discussion, often based on patients' cultural values/expectations, anticipated decisional autonomy, and family support. Third, interpreters emphasized the importance of surgeons demonstrating compassion and patience, using simple terminology, conversing around the consent, providing context about the form/process, and initiating a pre-encounter discussion. Finally, interpreters suggested reducing legal terminology on consent forms and translation into other languages. CONCLUSIONS: Experienced interpreters highlighted multiple factors associated with effective and culturally tailored informed consent discussions. Surgeons should recognize interpreters' critical and complex roles, be cognizant of cultural variations among patients with LEP, and improve interpersonal and communication skills to facilitate effective understanding.

The Impact of Trainee Involvement on Outcomes in Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery.

BACKGROUND: The number of bariatric operations performed in the USA rises annually. Trainee exposure to this field is necessary to ensure competency in future surgical generations. However, the safety of trainee involvement of these operations has been called into question. OBJECTIVES: The aim of our study is to describe differences in outcomes between trainees and non-trainees as first assistants (FA) in sleeve gastrectomy (SG). SETTING: The Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program (MBSAQIP) database METHODS: Patients from the MBSAQIP database who underwent primary SG from 2015 to 2020 were identified. Statistical analysis included two-tailed t-tests and χ2-tests to evaluate the impact of trainees (residents and fellows) compared to non-trainees on post-operative morbidity and operative time. RESULTS: Of the 559,324 cases, 25.8% were performed with trainees as FA. Operative length was 27.9% longer in trainee cases. In the trainee group, there was a higher risk of conversion to open procedure (OR 1.32), readmission (OR 1.19), and specific complications (cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, progressive renal insufficiency, pulmonary embolism, sepsis, transfusion, intubation, UTI, VTE, ICU admission, and reintervention), though overall rates were < 1% in each group. Non-trainees had a higher rate of septic shock (OR 1.4). No significant difference was seen in all other perioperative outcomes. CONCLUSION: Trainee involvement in SG leads to longer operative times without a clinically significant increase in morbidity and mortality. Such findings should be used to counsel patients and shape expectations for surgeons and hospitals. A focused bariatric surgery trainee curriculum may lessen this gap.

Patients' perceptions of the post-pancreatectomy discharge process.

BACKGROUND: Complications after pancreatectomies contribute to poor outcomes. Patients are expected to identify signs/symptoms leading to these complications but may be poorly educated on how to identify them. We assessed the impact of an educational tool on patient perceptions of, and satisfaction with the discharge process, and its effect on readmission rates. METHODS: A prospective cohort study with retrospective chart review including patients who underwent pancreatic resection was undertaken. An interactive educational module (iBook) that provided information about the procedure, possible complications, and peri-discharge information was implemented. English-speaking patients were equally divided into the pre- and post-iBook cohorts. Primary outcome was patients' satisfaction with discharge; Secondary outcomes were 30- and 90-day readmission rates. RESULTS: 100 patients were included. Mean age was 65.5 ± 12.6, 46% were female, and 92.3% were white. Most patients underwent Whipple procedures (72%), and distal pancreatectomies (26%). In the post-implementation group, 92% were satisfied with the discharge process, and 89% reported it was a good tool. There were no statistical differences in 30- and 90-day readmission rates between cohorts. CONCLUSION: The iBook positively impacted patients' satisfaction and preparedness for discharge. Readmission rates were not statistically significantly impacted but could be investigated with further studies of greater sample sizes.

Etiology, Diagnosis, and Modern Management of Chronic Pancreatitis: A Systematic Review.

Importance: The incidence of chronic pancreatitis is 5 to 12 per 100 000 adults in industrialized countries, and the incidence is increasing. Treatment is multimodal, and involves nutrition optimization, pain management, and when indicated, endoscopic and surgical intervention. Objectives: To summarize the most current published evidence on etiology, diagnosis, and management of chronic pancreatitis and its associated complications. Evidence Review: A literature search of Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and PubMed was conducted for publications between January 1, 1997, and July 30, 2022. Excluded from review were the following: case reports, editorials, study protocols, nonsystematic reviews, nonsurgical technical publications, studies pertaining to pharmacokinetics, drug efficacy, pilot studies, historical papers, correspondence, errata, animal and in vitro studies, and publications focused on pancreatic diseases other than chronic pancreatitis. Ultimately, the highest-level evidence publications were chosen for inclusion after analysis by 2 independent reviewers. Findings: A total of 75 publications were chosen for review. First-line imaging modalities for diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis included computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. More invasive techniques such as endoscopic ultrasonography allowed for tissue analysis, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography provided access for dilation, sphincterotomy, and stenting. Nonsurgical options for pain control included behavior modification (smoking cessation, alcohol abstinence), celiac plexus block, splanchnicectomy, nonopioid pain medication, and opioids. Supplemental enzymes should be given to patients with exocrine insufficiency to avoid malnutrition. Surgery was superior to endoscopic interventions for long-term pain control, and early surgery (<3 years from symptom onset) had more superior outcomes than late surgery. Duodenal preserving strategies were preferred unless there was suspicion of cancer. Conclusions and Relevance: Results of this systematic review suggest that patients with chronic pancreatitis had high rates of disability. Strategies to improve pain control through behavioral modification, endoscopic measures, and surgery must also accompany management of the sequalae of complications that arise from endocrine and exocrine insufficiency.

A nationwide propensity score analysis comparing ablation and resection for hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Studies have reported ambiguous results regarding the efficacy of ablation for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our study compared outcomes of ablation versus resection for HCC ≤50 mm to identify tumor sizes that would most benefit from ablation in terms of long-term survival. METHODS: The National Cancer Database was queried for patients with stage I and II HCC ≤50 mm who underwent ablation or resection (2004-2018). Three cohorts were created based on tumor size: ≤20, 21-30, and 31-50 mm. A propensity score-matched survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: In total, 36.47% (n = 4263) and 63.53% (n = 7425) of patients underwent resection and ablation, respectively. After matching, resection was associated with a significant survival benefit compared to ablation (3-year survival: 78.13% vs. 67.64%; p < 0.0001) in patients with HCC of ≤20 mm. The impact of resection was even more striking among patients with HCC of 21-30 mm (3-year survival: 77.88% vs. 60.53%; p < 0.0001) and 31-50 mm (3-year survival: 67.21% vs. 48.55%; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: While resection offers a survival benefit over ablation in the treatment of early-stage HCC ≤50 mm, ablation may provide a feasible bridging strategy in patients awaiting transplantation.

General Surgery Trainee Cases Over Time: Postgraduate Year Matters.

BACKGROUND: Trainees and attending surgeons alike have concerns about resident and fellow operative volume/breadth, competency, and overall readiness for practice. This is an important topic within surgical graduate medical education. Our goal was to analyze the change in general surgery trainee operative experience over time by postgraduate year. METHODS: Institutional operative records from two corresponding three-month time periods in 2009 and 2018 at the residency program's main hospital site were reviewed. Cases assisted on by general, vascular, or thoracic surgery trainees were included. The number of cases per level, combination of trainees in each case, and categories of cases were compared over time. RESULTS: There were 1940 cases in 2009 and 1967 cases in 2018 over the respective time periods. The distribution of trainees was different (P < .001), with a similar number of PGY-1 and fellow cases, a decrease in PGY-2 and PGY-5 cases, and an increase in PGY-3 and PGY-4 cases. The number of cases with two trainees, double scrubbed cases, increased from 19.6% to 26.8% (P < .001). In addition, there were differences in the resident years that double scrubbed cases together, an increase in robotic and endovascular surgery, and a decrease in open cases. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis of cases shows that resident operative volume over approximately a decade has been largely preserved, with some change in the distribution of cases based on trainee level, an increase in cases with more than one trainee, and a rise of minimally invasive surgery with a corresponding decrease in open cases.

Impact of Surgeon Gender and Seniority in use of Agentic and Communal Language in Letters of Recommendation for Surgery Residency Applicants.

OBJECTIVE: Differential use of communal (kindness, cooperation, morality) and agentic terms (competence, assertiveness, decisiveness) may reveal bias and has been extensively reported in letters of recommendation (LoR) for residency but letter writer factors have not been thoroughly studied. We estimate the association between use of agentic and communal language with letter writer and applicant characteristics. DESIGN: Retrospective review of LoR comparing 2 letters written for the same applicant. Applicant demographics and USMLE scores as well as letter writer demographics and academic/departmental rank were compared. Multilevel regression controlling for clustering of letters within applicant was performed. SETTING: Single academic surgery residency program in a tertiary center. PARTICIPANTS: US medical students applying for categorical surgery residency. RESULTS: Applications of 667 US medical students (age 27.1, interquartile range [IQR] 26.2-28.6; female 340, 51%, white 337, 54.2%) were evaluated. Most commonly, letters writers were males (n = 1031, 77.3%), Full Professors (n = 660, 49.48%) and Department Chairs or Division Chiefs (n = 629, 47.151%). Overall, median bias score was 14.29 (interquartile range -4 to 33.33), indicating predominance of agentic terms. Applicant female gender (coef 3.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.33-6.96) and higher Step 1 USMLE scores (coef 0.12, 95% CI 0.0026-0.24) were associated with increased use of agentic terms. For letter writer characteristics, female (coef -4.23, 95% CI -8.14 to -0.32) and fewer years in practice (coef -0.32, 95% CI -0.48 to -0.16) were independent predictors of increased use of communal traits. CONCLUSIONS: Comparing 2 LoR written for the same applicant, male and more senior surgeons use more agentic language in their LoR as compared to female and younger surgeons. Increased use of communal language is expected as the pool of letter writers is diversified and reflects essential characteristics of contemporary surgeons.

Cultural Competency Curricula in US Graduate Medical Education: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Cultural competency training provides participants with knowledge and skills to improve cross-cultural communication and is required for all graduate medical education (GME) training programs. OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to determine what cultural competency curricula exist specifically in GME. METHODS: In April 2020, the authors performed a scoping review of the literature using a multidatabase (PubMed, Ovid, MedEdPORTAL) search strategy that included keywords relevant to GME and cultural competency. The authors extracted descriptive data about the structure, implementation, and analysis of cultural competency curricula and analyzed these data for trends. RESULTS: Sixty-seven articles met criteria for inclusion, of which 61 (91%) were focused exclusively on residents. The most commonly included specialties were psychiatry (n=19, 28.4%), internal medicine (n=16, 23.9%), and pediatrics (n=15, 22.4%). The shortest intervention was a 30-minute online module, while the longest contained didactics, electives, and mentoring programs that spanned the entirety of residency training (4 years). The sample sizes of included studies ranged from 6 to 833 participants. Eight (11.9%) studies utilized OSCEs as assessment tools, while 17 (25.4%) conducted semi-structured interviews or focus groups. Four common themes were unique interventions, retention of learning, trainee evaluation of curricula, and resources required for implementation. CONCLUSIONS: Wide variation exists in the design, implementation, and evaluation of cultural competency curricula for residents and fellows.

The Fistula Risk Score Catalog: Toward Precision Medicine for Pancreatic Fistula After Pancreatoduodenectomy.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to present a full spectrum of individual patient presentations of pancreatic fistula risk, and to define the utility of mitigation strategies amongst some of the most prevalent, and vulnerable scenarios surgeons encounter. BACKGROUND: The FRS has been utilized to identify technical strategies associated with reduced CR-POPF incidence across various risk strata. However, risk-stratification using the FRS has never been investigated with greater granularity. By deriving all possible combinations of FRS elements, individualized risk assessment could be utilized for precision medicine purposes. METHODS: FRS profiles and outcomes of 5533 PDs were accrued from 17 international institutions (2003-2019). The FRS was used to derive 80 unique combinations of patient "scenarios." Risk-matched analyses were conducted using a Bonferroni adjustment to identify scenarios with increased vulnerability for CR-POPF occurrence. Subsequently, these scenarios were analyzed using multivariable regression to explore optimal mitigation approaches. RESULTS: The overall CR-POPF rate was 13.6%. All 80 possible scenarios were encountered, with the most frequent being scenario #1 (8.1%) - the only negligible-risk scenario (CR-POPF rate = 0.7%). The moderate-risk zone had the most scenarios (50), patients (N = 3246), CR-POPFs (65.2%), and greatest non-zero discrepancy in CR-POPF rates between scenarios (18-fold). In the risk-matched analysis, 2 scenarios (#59 and 60) displayed increased vulnerability for CR-POPF relative to the moderate-risk zone (both P < 0.001). Multivariable analysis revealed factors associated with CR-POPF in these scenarios: pancreaticogastrostomy reconstruction [odds ratio (OR) 4.67], omission of drain placement (OR 5.51), and prophylactic octreotide (OR 3.09). When comparing the utilization of best practice strategies to patients who did not have these conjointly utilized, there was a significant decrease in CR-POPF (10.7% vs 35.5%, P < 0.001; OR 0.20, 95% confidence interval 0.12-0.33). CONCLUSION: Through this data, a comprehensive fistula risk catalog has been created and the most clinically-impactful scenarios have been discerned. Focusing on individual scenarios provides a practical way to approach precision medicine, allowing for more directed and efficient management of CR-POPF.

Palliative Care Education for Surgical Residents: Current Practices and Future Directions.

Despite the benefits and increased clinical application of primary palliative care principles within surgery, palliative care education among surgical trainees remains varied and poorly defined. Through a survey of general surgery program directors, this perspective highlights current palliative care educational practices of general surgery residencies and existing curricula. Although program directors deemed palliative care education important to surgical training, barriers to improving resident education included limited overall educational time, few available palliative care experts, and the lack of a dedicated curriculum. There is a need for a surgical palliative care educational toolkit that is validated, easily available, incorporates local experts, and adjustable to the variety of educational practices of surgical programs and their residents.

A risk-adjusted analysis of drain use in pancreaticoduodenectomy: Some is good, but more may not be better.

BACKGROUND: Intraperitoneal drain placement decreases morbidity and mortality in patients who develop a clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula (CR-POPF) following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). It is unknown whether multiple drains mitigate CR-POPF better than a single drain. We hypothesized that multiple drains decrease the complication burden more than a single drain in cases at greater risk for CR-POPF. METHODS: The Fistula Risk Score (FRS), mitigation strategies (including number of drains placed), and clinical outcomes were obtained from a multi-institutional database of PDs performed from 2003 to 2020. Outcomes were compared between cases utilizing 0, 1, or 2 intraperitoneal drains. Multivariable regression analysis was used to evaluate the optimal drainage approach. RESULTS: A total of 4,292 PDs used 0 (7.3%), 1 (45.2%), or 2 (47.5%) drains with an observed CR-POPF rate of 9.6%, which was higher in intermediate/high FRS zone cases compared with negligible/low FRS zone cases (13% vs 2.4%, P < .001). The number of drains placed also correlated with FRS zone (median of 2 in intermediate/high vs 1 in negligible/low risk cases). In intermediate/high risk cases, the use of 2 drains instead of 1 was not associated with a reduced rate of CR-POPF, average complication burden attributed to a CR-POPF, reoperations, or mortality. Obviation of drains was associated with significant increases in complication burden and mortality - regardless of the FRS zone. CONCLUSION: In intermediate/high risk zone cases, placement of a single drain or multiple drains appears to mitigate the complication burden while use of no drains is associated with inferior outcomes.

Language Proficiency and Survival in Pancreatic Cancer: a Propensity Score-Matched Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Limited English proficiency has been shown to negatively affect health outcomes. However, as of now, little is known about survival rates of patients with limited English proficiency (LEP) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) when compared to patients with English proficiency (EP) in an urban, non-safety net setting. We aimed to compare survival rates between patients with LEP and those with EP who had a diagnosis of PDAC. METHODS: A single-institution retrospective propensity-matched cohort study of patients with biopsy-proven PDAC was undertaken. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and language information were collected for all participants. Patients were classified as having LEP or EP based on their preferred speaking language at the time of admission and matched on baseline characteristics using propensity scores. Survival analysis methods were used to study survival rates in patients with PDAC based on their EP status. RESULTS: Of 739 included patients, 71 (9.48%) had LEP, mean age was 68.4 ± 10.9, and 51.8% were female. Both groups of patients were comparable for age, gender, marital status, and time to treatment. LEP status was associated with higher odds of death in both unmatched (HR 1.65, 95% CI 1.22-2.22) and matched (HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.03-2.47) analyses. Additionally, patients with LEP had significantly decreased odds of receiving cancer-directed treatment and increased odds of advanced stage cancer at presentation. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of patients with PDAC, LEP predicted worse survival. The results of this study suggest that, after accounting for interpreter use, other factors contribute to this disparity. Such factors, as yet unmeasured, may include health literacy and cultural expectations, for which further investigation is warranted to better understand and limit this survival disparity.

Organoid Sensitivity Correlates with Therapeutic Response in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer.

PURPOSE: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a significant health issue. For most patients, there are no options for targeted therapy, and existing treatments are limited by toxicity. The HOPE trial (Harnessing Organoids for PErsonalized Therapy) was a pilot feasibility trial aiming to prospectively generate patient-derived organoids (PDO) from patients with PDAC and test their drug sensitivity and correlation with clinical outcomes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: PDOs were established from a heterogeneous population of patients with PDAC including both basal and classical PDAC subtypes. RESULTS: A method for classifying PDOs as sensitive or resistant to chemotherapy regimens was developed to predict the clinical outcome of patients. Drug sensitivity testing on PDOs correlated with clinical responses to treatment in individual patients. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the investigation of PDOs to guide treatment in prospective interventional trials in PDAC.